Our reliance on satellite technology is greater than many imagine. We use SmallSats for communication, weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and plenty of other routine activities every day. The amount of information stored, processed, and transmitted is truly astonishing, but none of that would be possible without advanced satellite bus systems that are getting ever more sophisticated. So, what type of data does a satellite collect? And how exactly is it stored and managed? Below, we will explain the main satellite bus subsystems, as well as the widespread uses of satellites in different space missions, with an emphasis on satellite data storage, acquisition, and transmission.
What is the function of a satellite bus?
A satellite bus is a complex, highly versatile platform that supports all necessary equipment and payload a spacecraft needs to accomplish its mission. And while the goals of a space mission may vary (i.e., providing internet access vs forecasting weather), there are specific subsystems every spacecraft needs to operate in space. These include:
● Power;
● Thermal control;
● Propulsion;
● Attitude and Orbit Control Subsystem (AOCS);
● Communication;
● Data storage, acquisition, and transmission.
Today, we will focus on satellite data storage and acquisition because every spacecraft, no matter if it’s used for earth observation or navigation, collects information and transmits it to ground stations — for further transmission, storage, or analysis.
How is satellite data stored?
Clearly, the storage process starts with collecting information. In the case of space tech, the data acquisition system may vary. For example, some spacecraft rely on sensors to collect information, while others use cameras and imagers. Whatever the case, all data must first undergo preliminary processing to filter out noise (especially when collected with imagers or audio sensors), compression, and preparation for storage. The goal is to optimize available storage space while ensuring high information quality.
Types of storage devices used may also vary depending on the spacecraft’s mission goals. Some common storage types today include:
Solid-State Drives (SSDs): rather universal storage examples favoured for their durability, speed, as well as resistance to mechanical failure. Solid-state storage drives are well-suited for the vibration and extreme temperature fluctuations encountered in space, which is why they can be used in a wide range of missions.
Non-Volatile Memory (NVM): The main benefit of these storage systems is that they can retain data without a constant power supply. This makes non-volatile memory storage devices ideal for space applications where power efficiency is crucial—for example, in missions where spacecraft do not have regular access to sunlight (which remains the main power source in many missions).
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID): Some satellites use RAID storage configurations for advanced data reliability. This ensures information and storage integrity in case of a hardware failure. In theory, RAIDs can also be useful for long-term missions because when one disk goes out of operation, the other parts of the satellite bus for data acquisition storage, and transmission will still cope with their tasks.
In addition, satellite data storage devices rely on onboard software that regularly checks system health. The software also sets priorities for transmitting information currently available in storage, depending on its quality and mission goals, among other pre-definable parameters.
But what happens next? How is satellite data handled on Earth?
How is satellite data managed and used?
Since the purpose of satellite buses in space missions varies, so does the data management, storage, and processing. Still, certain procedures do take place regardless of spacecraft goals. As already mentioned, all data in storage must first undergo initial processing to remove noise, compression, and conversion into a standard format suitable for transmission. This may include data filtering, calibration, and validation.
Some satellites, especially those used for disaster monitoring, are designed to transmit data in real-time (or near real-time). Consequently, they are equipped with very advanced onboard processing capabilities to analyze information in real time and choose the information that needs to be transmitted instantly, thus allowing for quicker decision-making.
Still, in most cases, instant decision-making is not a priority, so satellites transmit data over pre-established periods of time, aka transmission windows. These are scheduled based on the satellite’s orbit and the availability of ground stations to maximize data transfer efficiency.
Most modern satellites transmit data using high-frequency radio waves or laser communication systems to ensure high-speed transfer. In turn, ground stations equipped with large antennas receive the transmitted data. These stations are strategically located around the world to ensure continuous communication with the satellite and safe data storage.
These are some widespread examples of how space data can be collected, stored, and managed. Note, however, that today, space technology is becoming more affordable; this means, more private companies and research organizations will be using satellite buses in space missions, customizing the tech for their specific needs. This, in turn, will lead to new advances in satellite data storage, transmission, and most importantly, applications.
Daniel J. Morgan is the founder of Invidiata Magazine, a premier publication showcasing luxury living, arts, and culture. With a passion for excellence, Daniel has established the magazine as a beacon of sophistication and refinement, captivating discerning audiences worldwide.
